Coding University

Operating systems are fundamental software components that manage computer hardware and software resources, serving as an interface between the user and the computer. The evolution of operating systems has seen significant changes, driven by advancements in hardware and changing user demands (Jia et al., 2024) . Early operating systems were designed for sequential processing, while modern OS are complex systems capable of managing diverse tasks and environments . Types of Operating Systems Operating systems can be broadly classified based on their design philosophy, resource management, and the environment they are intended for. Batch Operating Systems Batch systems are among the earliest types of operating systems. Their primary idea was to process a series of user programs, known as a "batch," sequentially . In these systems, jobs with similar characteristics were grouped and executed one after another without direct user interaction. Once a job was submitted, it was out of...